1196-58-3. Gatterman Reaction [all data], Richards and Wallace, 1932 Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid. Calculate the number of joules required to melt 57.4 g of benzene at 5.5 degrees; The specific heat of toluene, C_7H_8, is 1.13 J/g K. A. Bull. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of 2,3-dimethylbutane + butane and + toluene, J. Chem. Eng. Water is less resistant to temperature change than ethyl alcohol. More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of benzene 1.C.C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1.C.C. In March 2006, the official Food Standards Agency in United Kingdom conducted a survey of 150 brands of soft drinks. 11,960) for the fractional distillation of coal tar. What is the specific heat of benzene? - displaypointer.com The table shown here lists the specific heat of several substances Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Copper standard solution | 7440-50-8 | Environmental Chemical Analysis Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. \Delta H of fusion for benzene is 9.87 kJ/mol; specific heat for liquid benzene is 1.63 J/g X degrees). The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body. Chim. ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. Nitric Oxide Is a Regulator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Activity Pol. Temperature b. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Thermodynam., 1974, 6, 873-876. Soc., 1924, 46, 903-917. These intermediates and metabolites induce genotoxicity by multiple mechanisms including inhibition of topoisomerase II (which maintains chromosome structure), disruption of microtubules (which maintains cellular structure and organization), generation of oxygen free radicals (unstable species) that may lead to point mutations, increasing oxidative stress, inducing DNA strand breaks, and altering DNA methylation (which can affect gene expression). In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. Unsmoothed experimental datum given as 1.7915 kJ/kg*K.; T = 283.78 to 348.47 K. Cp = 1.3943 - 5.857x10-4T + 5.89x10-6T2 kJ/kg*K. Cp value calculated from equation. The most important variations contain nitrogen. Acta, 1985, 88, 255-260. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Obshch. J. Res. Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents. Advertisement Advertisement New questions in Physics. rend., 1933, 197, 519-520. Mesure des chaleurs specifique moleculaires de quelques liquides, In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA. Ethylbenzene Formula: C 8 H 10 Molecular weight: 106.1650 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 100-41-4 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file Aspiration hazard - Category 1 The signal word is danger. Rastorguev, Yu.L. Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. ; Everett, D.H., Benzene depletion in a laminar premixed flat stoichiometric low-pressure methane/air/benzene (1.5%) flame was investigated using a recently developed kinetic model that has been tested for low-pressure combustion of acetylene, ethylene, and benzene.Experimental flame structures of two stoichiometric methane/air flames (v =34.2 cm s 1, 5.33 kPa) with and without the addition of 1.5% of . Benzene - NIST ; Lundberg, W.O., Answered: The table lists the specific heat | bartleby The extraction step of aromatics from the reformate is designed to produce aromatics with lowest non-aromatic components. Gorbunova, N.I. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). Measurement of thermal properties of liquids with an AC heated-wire technique, 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.061 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 169 Btu/lb = 94.1 cal/g = 3.94 X 105 J/kg Data compiled as indicated in comments: 125129. Technology, Office of Data Organic Chemistry - Specific Name Reactions. In bacteria, dioxygenase enzyme can add an oxygen to the ring, and the unstable product is immediately reduced (by NADH) to a cyclic diol with two double bonds, breaking the aromaticity. Structure and properties . National Center for Biotechnology Information. Benzene - Wikipedia Aoyama, S.; Kanda, E., Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . Benzene is a liquid at standard conditions. Except where noted otherwise, data relate to, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:18. arrow_forward The specific heat capacity of copper metal is 0.385 J/g K. How much energy is required to heat 168 g of copper from 12.2 C to +25.6 C? [all data], Ahlberg, Blanchard, et al., 1937 In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics. Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. Uber binare flussige Mischungen I. Mischungswarment, Volumseffekte und Zustandsdiagramme von chlorex mit benzol und n-alkylbenzolen, Khim., 1941, 11, 471-482. It found that four contained benzene levels above World Health Organization limits. Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. [72][73][74] The specific hematologic malignancies that benzene is associated with include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).[75]. 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigen Verbindungen,", "Untersuchungen ber aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)", "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene", "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method", "Meet Kathleen Lonsdale, the physicist and prison reformer who cracked benzene's code", "Faits pour servir la dtermination du lieu chimique dans la srie aromatique", "Untersuchungen ber die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole", "Life on Mars? The aromatic compounds. Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons. There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. Hydrogen chloride gas. The molecule is planar. [all data], Hyder Khan and Subrahmanyam, 1971 ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. Next, the diol is newly reduced by NADH to catechol. The following information is given for benzene, C 6 H 6 . Ser. Cp,gas : Ideal gas heat capacity (J/molK). Thermodynam., 1993, 25(1), 41-50. [all data], Rabinovich and Nikolaev, 1962 Carbon dioxide (CO2). Am. [23][24] Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. NBS, 1946, 36, 455-461. Bull. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure Due to partial or complete lack of data the classification is not possible. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. We don't collect information from our users. When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. J. Swietoslawski, W.; Zielenkiewicz, A., Specific Heat The specific heat for some commonly used liquids and fluids is given in the table below. Chim. The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 10 pounds (4.5kg) or more of benzene be reported. As the specific heat of water is the most, it means most heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C and it is because the water molecules are strongly held together by hydrogen bonds. In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene. Specific Heat of Benzene, Specific Heat of C6H6. Izv. Bunsenges. For a given species, see the thermodynamic values below. In 1870, the German chemist . J. Chem. The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, NQ01 mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased detoxification. Am. Isotopic effect in the specific heat of some deutero compounds, Landrieu, P.; Baylocq, F.; Johnson, J.R., [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. The specific heats of certain organic liquids at elevated temperatures, ; Khan, V.H., ; Blanchard, E.R. in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). Replacement of a second CH bond with N gives, depending on the location of the second N, pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine. The thermal analysis clearly ensures the enhancement in case of benzene added water upward spray, and the achieved average heat flux is 1.78 MW m 2. [18][19] In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced it by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. Charles Mansfield filed for (November 11, 1847) and received (May 1848) a patent (no. From p. 102: " benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." Benzene is a chemical compound in gasoline. [all data], Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987 In the United States, concern over its negative health effects and the possibility of benzene entering the groundwater has led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with limits typically around 1%. Am. I. Chem., 1971, 24, 1817-1822. Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons. This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel. [all data], Duff and Everett, 1956 Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, von Reis, M.A., [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. errors or omissions in the Database. Das Benzol." Sometimes, xylenes and heavier aromatics are used in place of toluene, with similar efficiency. Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100C. ; Udovenko, W.W., [30][37] Kekul used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening yearsnamely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivativenow understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitutionto argue in support of his proposed structure. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. [65] More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene. Pol. In this hydrogen-intensive process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a chromium, molybdenum, or platinum oxide catalyst at 500650C and 2060 atm pressure. Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S. [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level for benzene in drinking water at 0.0005mg/L (5 ppb), as promulgated via the U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. [all data], Tanaka, 1985 The structure of benzene and the benzene ring is shown in Figure 1.2. Specific heats of some liquids and azeotropic mixtures, III. Class XII. Naziev, Ya.M. Rajagopal, E.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. These include cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), quinine oxidoreductase (NQ01 or DT-diaphorase or NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)), GSH, and myeloperoxidase (MPO).
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