Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Interphone study group. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Bioelectromagnetics. PLoS One. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. 2010;86:37683. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. . Int J Radiat Biol. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Springer Nature. Article Cassel et al. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. 2012;62:22336. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Electromagn Biol Med. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. 1993;13:41322. PubMed 2005;25:10190201. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;1042:1018. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Behav Brain Res. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 2015;51:15865. Bioelectromagnetics. Behav Brain Res. Rev Environ Health. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. 2007;27:6024. Bioelectromagnetics. 1994;8:714. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. 2016;25:31827. 2004;996:8996. 2012;25:1828. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. PubMed 2015;28:1324. Trends Neurosci. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. 2013;23:306. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2002;64:31353. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 2009;72:20514. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Harris KM. Wang et al. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. 2011;174:211. 2013;89:11007. 2009;64:2314. CAS Koch C, Zador A. 2015;91:42634. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;27:11926. 2010;3:4650. 2012;112:1715. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Am J Epidemiol. Google Scholar. Smythe JW, Costall B. 2013;32:27380. J Natl Cancer Inst. Front Neurosci. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. 1996;180:917. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Surg Neurol. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. CAS Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. 2002;5:18995. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. 2009;63:10106. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Verma et al. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). PubMed Central PubMed Central [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. 2013;42:428. eliminating microwave and RF sources. Radiat Res. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Cobb et al. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. 2006;79:13140. Article Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Neurobiol Learn Mem. PubMed Acta Neurol Belg. 2012;31:25074. 2007;210:63544. Mack et al. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. 2010;39:67594. Cookies policy. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics. 2014;90:2935. 2007;96:218196. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. PubMed Central Behav Brain Res. 2011;343:5224. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. 2016;74:99107. Electromagn Biol Med. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. CAS Mol Neurobiol. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. 1992;49:1818. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. 1999;9:3438. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 2006;165:63644. J Pharm Sci. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Google Scholar. 2007;28:187380. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. 2010;28:445. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Cosquer et al. Google Scholar. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) . The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Gold PE. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. 2006;5:389. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Google Scholar. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. 2006;398:2537. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Singh et al. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Bull Exp Biol Med. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Neurosci Lett. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Thus, Cosquer et al. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. 2003;140:147. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. 2008;86:718. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Google Scholar. 2004;48:46624. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Google Scholar. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1992;6:379. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Dasdag et al. J Neuro-Oncol. California Privacy Statement, This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Int J Radiat Biol. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. 2013;17:711. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. CAS 2011;107:35661. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Int J Radiat Biol. Neuroreport. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. 2007;34:146779. 2004;115:1490505. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. 2010;473:525. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Neuroscience. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. 2008;49:16370. 2005;161:3314. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Bioelectromagnetics. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Phot J. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Article Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. 2010;2010. Xiong et al. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. 2009;158:12639. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems).