This training method has been in use for a long time and is very effective in teaching kinesthetic skills so flight instructors find it valuable in teaching procedures and maneuvers. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. What is a 'sterile cockpit'. Okay?". It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. The following reference the US FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100. Recovery from chronic fatigue requires a prolonged and deliberate solution. When a flight crew's Fortunately I've received some help this month. If the student bounces an airplane on landing, teach the student to make an immediate go around. In this step, the thinking is done verbally. It's unrealistic to expect a crew Therefore, in addition to forcing total concentration on the part of the student, this method provides a means for keeping the instructor aware of what the student is thinking. To learn skills, students must practice. When necessary, the instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, "I have the flight controls." If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. Sometimes, sound ADM calls for going against procedure. suggestion following an altitude deviation. The student must be comfortable, confident in the instructor and the aircraft, and at ease if effective learning is to occur. The goal of system safety is for pilots to utilize all four concepts (ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM) so that risk can be reduced to the lowest possible level, ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. The instructor should be alert during the students practice to detect any errors in technique and to prevent the formation of faulty habits, At the same time, the student should be encouraged to think about what to do during the performance of a maneuver, until it becomes habitual. These procedures are especially important prior to entering a high-density traffic area, such as Class B airspace, To manage workload, items should be prioritized. Despite all the changes in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the samethe human factor. Establishing the following procedure during initial training will ensure the formation of a habit pattern that should stay with students throughout their flying careers, During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding between students and flight instructors about who has control of the aircraft. Typically during a flight, the pilot has time to examine any changes that occur, gather information, and assess risk before reaching a decision. In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Significant emotional upsets may be due to personal problems, psychiatric disturbances, or a dislike of the training program or the instructor, The experiences of students outside their training activities affect behavior and performance in training; the two cannot be separated. Obviously, distractions lead to accidents. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. The safety record of pilots who hold instrument ratings is significantly better than that of pilots with comparable flight time who have never received formal flight training for an instrument rating. Maintain coordinated flight by applying rudder in the direction of the turn, Remember, the ailerons control the roll rate, as well as the angle of bank. Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction necessary for the student to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate. Two benefits accrue from this step: the student, being freed from the need to concentrate on performance of the maneuver and from concern about its outcome, is able to organize his or her thoughts regarding the steps involved and the techniques to be used. This practice should continue throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. Learning to manage time more effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. Some situations, such as engine failures, require a pilot to respond immediately using established procedures with little time for detailed analysis. While the regulation grew out of accidents in the airline industry, it holds true for the entire aviation community. reasons of great urgency. feet MSL (mean sea level). In addition to policy development, a board of education may become involved in student discipline when it is necessary to expel a student from school. (Accident/Incident Briefs). These regulations are comprehensive, but there has been increasing recognition that even the strictest compliance with regulations may not be sufficient to guarantee safety. TheInternational Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursionsdefines Sterile Flight Deck as "any period of time when the flight crew should be not be disturbed, except for matters critical to the safe operation of the aircraft.". If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Aviation Instructors Handbook (4-1) The Teaching Process. Since students generally imitate the instructors performance, the instructor must demonstrate the skill exactly the way the students are expected to practice it, including all safety procedures that the students must follow. section, critical phase of flight involves all ground operations involving Although doing so may be difficult at first, successive accomplishment of recognizable goals and the avoidance of alarming occurrences or situations will rapidly ease the students mind. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. students should never be allowed to exceed the flight instructors limits. . In 1981 A well designed assessment provides a student with something constructive upon which he or she can work or build. sterile cockpit rule is really important, so we'll adhere to it. Sterile cockpit procedures General Aviation News carolina health specialists phone number. here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100 .). loop. Fatigue can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). the aircraft was slightly off course and flying at an altitude of 560 because our cruise altitude was 8000 feet, and we were accustomed to conversation of air carrier accidents and serious incidents, the traveling public feels the Every flight instructor can agree that everyone wants to be safe, but what does "safety" really mean? Students who are worried or emotionally upset are not ready to learn and derive little benefit from instruction. By noticing this discrepancy, she has recognized a change. When students begin flight training, they bring with them their interests, enthusiasms, fears, and troubles. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. Students who do not understand the principles involved will probably not be able to do this successfully, Flight instructors have the responsibility to provide guidance and restraint with respect to the solo operations of their students. If the student has been adequately prepared and the procedure or maneuver fully explained and demonstrated, meaningful learning occurs. They are much less apt to become airsick while operating the controls themselves. boundary may be too low. when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand and became occupied with Based on insight, cross-country flying experience, and knowledge of weather systems, she considers the possibility that she has an increased headwind. the FAA enacted FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100 to help curb the number of these It is easy to determine whether an error is induced by a misconception or by a simple lack of motor skills. items totally unrelated to flying. In an emergency situation, the first priority is to fly the aircraft and maintain a safe airspeed, Another important part of managing workload is recognizing a work overload situation. Instructors can advise students to self-assess to determine their capabilities and limitations and then set realistic goals. Ask the student to pick it up, Ask the student to determine a heading to an airport using a chart, Ask the student to get something from the back seat, Ask the student to read the outside air temperature, Ask the student to call the Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) for weather information, Ask the student to compute true airspeed with a flight computer, Ask the student to identify terrain or objects on the ground, Ask the student to identify a field suitable for a forced landing, Have the student climb 200 feet and maintain altitude, then descend 200 feet and maintain altitude, Have the student reverse course after a series of S-turns, It is a flight instructors responsibility to teach the student how to take charge during a flight. Regardless of how well a skill is taught, there may still be performance deficiencies. No distinction in the pilots operation of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether outside references or instrument indications are used for the performance of the maneuver. This is particularly true of modern, complex, or high-performance aircraft, which are responsive to the use of correct operating airspeeds, The use of correct power settings and climb speeds and the accurate control of headings during climbs result in a measurable increase in climb performance. On the positive side, the pilot made a precautionary landing at a time and place of his choosing. The minimum standards to pass the checkride should not be introduced until the 3 hours of preparation for the checkride. students must understand that priorities change as the situation changes. However, the effects of stress are cumulative and, if not coped with adequately, they eventually add up to an intolerable burden. By following these teaching guidelines, the student is better equipped to properly execute landings when he or she solos. safe operation of the aircraft. Would suggest that, in these flight circumstances where cruise Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make decisions, which require a more reflective response. Motivation also declines when a student believes the instructor is making unreasonable demands for performance and progress. Acute fatigue, a normal occurrence of everyday living, is the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental strain, including strenuous muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload, strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of sleep, Acute fatigue caused by training operations may be physical or mental, or both. tend strictly to the task at hand -- that of safely operating the aircraft. With the advent of advanced avionics with glass displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex. If an instructor allows a student to remain on the controls, the instructor may not have full and effective control of the aircraft. Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. Some circumstances, such as the time available to make a decision, may be beyond the pilots control. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. This commentary describes how a team of nurses applied the sterile cockpit concept in their unit to decrease interruptions during medication administration. Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit Instructors can help new students feel comfortable with ATC by encouraging them to take advantage of services, such as flight following and Flight Watch. Since some of the most valuable internal resources are ingenuity, knowledge, and skill, pilots can expand flight deck resources immensely by improving their capabilities.